发现另一种兀鹫毒药

发现另一种兀鹫毒药

研究人员发现另一种兽药酮洛芬(Ketoprofen)也会引起兀鹫的中毒。

http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2009/12/vultures.html[/url]

Second blow for Asian vultures

09-12-2009

Research published by the BirdLife Partnership in the journal Biology Letters has discovered a second veterinary drug causing lethal effects in Asian vultures, adding further pressure to already beleaguered vulture populations.

For every 1,000 White-rumped Vultures Gyps bengalensis occurring in southern Asia in the 1980s only one remains today because of the lethal effects of diclofenac - a drug used to treat livestock - on vultures. Alarmingly, researchers looking into safe alternatives have now identified that a second, livestock treatment in Asia - ketoprofen - is also lethal to the birds. Vultures feeding on the carcasses of recently-treated livestock suffer acute kidney failure within days of exposure.

Following this discovery, the RSPB, the Bombay Natural History Society and Bird Conservation Nepal - (BirdLife in the UK, India and Nepal) - are calling for tighter controls on the use of this second drug in veterinary use in southern Asia. The organisations are keen to see the promotion of drugs that are safe, and currently the only similar livestock treatment known to have no harmful effects on the continent's vultures is meloxicam. Meloxicam is no longer under patent and is currently manufactured by at least 20 companies in South Asia.

Richard Cuthbert of the RSPB said, "From millions of individuals in the 1980s, vultures have simply disappeared from large swathes of India, Pakistan and Nepal and at least three species have been brought to the brink of extinction. The rate of decline of these magnificent birds is staggering. For White-rumped Vultures, for every two birds alive last year, one will now be dead, and this is all because of the birds' inability to cope with these drugs in livestock carcasses, the birds' principal food source."

He added, "Everyone interested in conservation, quite rightly knows about the plight of India's tigers, but in the race towards extinction the vultures will get there far sooner!"

"Everyone.. knows about the plight of India's tigers, but in the race towards extinction the vultures will get there far sooner!" —Richard Cuthbert, RSPB (BirdLife in the UK)

Dr Vibhu Prakash, Director of the Vulture Programme of the Bombay Natural History Society in India, added, "Only meloxicam has been established as a safe alternative for vultures, while at the same time being an effective drug for treating cattle. We would like to see other safe alternatives, but it should be the responsibility of the Indian pharmaceutical industry to test these to determine their safety to vultures."

The research, published in the Royal Society journal Biology Letters, shows that ketoprofen is lethal to the birds in the dosages that would be administered to livestock to reduce pain and swelling of those animals suffering from rheumatism or arthritis. Worryingly, researchers have already recorded the drug in one in 200 carcasses in southern Asia, with 70% of those occurring in potentially lethal concentrations.

The authors add that ketoprofen could already be contributing to further declines of the remaining vulture populations caused by diclofenac, and this is a trend likely to increase if ketoprofen replaces diclofenac. In addition to ketoprofen and diclofenac, other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs sold by veterinary pharmacies for treating livestock include meloxicam, phenylbutazone, analgin, nimesulide, flunixin and ibuprofen. Just three of these have been tested to determine their effects on vultures. Diclofenac and ketoprofen cause lethal kidney failure and only meloxicam is known to be safe.

The RSPB and the UK Government's Darwin Initiative have been the main funders of research to find safe alternative drugs and to measure levels of diclofenac contamination in the environment, as well as in partnership with the Indian and Nepalese governments supporting construction and running costs of the vulture breeding centres.

The research, which was partially conducted in South Africa, involved: the Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria; The Vulture Programme of the Rhino and Lion Non-profit Organisation, Skeerpoort, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Rare and Endangered Species Trust, PO Box 178, Otjiwarongo, Namibia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ronda de Toledo, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain; RSPB.

Vinny Naidoo, Kerri Wolter, Duncan Cromarty, Maria Diekmann, Neil Duncan, Andrew A. Meharg, Mark A. Taggart, Leon. Venter and Richard Cuthbert. 2009. Biology Letters. Toxicity of NSAIDs to Gyps vultures: a new threat from ketoprofen.

Simba 2009-12-10 00:15

在维基上找到的酮洛芬资料

没有中文的。就贴上英文

[url]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoprofen

Ketoprofen, (RS)2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid (chemical formula C16H14O3) is one of the propionic acid class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic effects. It acts by inhibiting the body's production of prostaglandin.

Available forms

Ketoprofen was available over-the-counter in the United States in the form of 12.5 mg coated tablets (Orudis KT & Actron), but the product has been discontinued. It is available by prescription as 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg capsules.

Ketoprofen is available also as a 2,5% gel for topical application.

Brand names in the US are Orudis and Oruvail. It is available in the UK as Ketoflam and Oruvail, in Finland as Ketorin, Keto, Ketomex, and Orudis'; in France as Bi-Profénid, in Italy as Fastum Gel, Ketoprofene, Lasonil or Oki, in Poland, Serbia, Slovenia and Croatia as Knavon,Ketonal, in Mexico as Arthril and Norway as Zon or Orudis, in Venezuela as Ketoprofeno under an injectable solution of 100mg.

In Lithuania, ketoprofen is called Ketoprofenum and/or Ketoprofenas. For topical application: the name brands are Fastum with 2.5% (gel) which is over the counter and Ketospray with 10% (liquid spray) which must be prescribed. In Switzerland, an innovative ketoprofen formulation based on Transfersome technology for direct application on the skin above the site to be treated has been approved.

In some countries, the optically pure (S)-enantiomer (dexketoprofen) is available; its trometamol salt is said to be particularly rapidly reabsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, having a rapid onset of effects.

[edit] Indication

Ketoprofen is generally prescribed for arthritis-related inflammatory pains or severe toothaches that result in the inflammation of the gums.

Ketoprofen can also be used for treatment of some pain, especially nerve pain like post-herpetic neuralgia and referred pain for radiculopathy, in the form of a cream, ointment, liquid, spray, or gel which also contains ketamine and lidocaine, along with other agents which may be useful such as cyclobenzaprine, amitryptiline, acyclovir, gabapentin, orphenadrine and other drugs used as NSAIDs or adjuvant, atypical or potentiators for pain treatment.

Efficacy

The results vary in each case, with varying degrees of the attenuation of the burning, tingling, and/or shooting component of neuralgic pain being quite frequent, along with a modest reduction in overall pain level in some cases. In severe cases and those involving multiple conditions in addition to the cause of the neuralgia, there is no substitute for comprehensive palliative therapy including systemic NSAIDs, opioids, muscle relaxants, intermittent corticosteroids and other agents if needed and adjuncts & potentiators to increase the power of the analgesics in addition to the topical preparation and physical and alternative modalities such as physiotherapy, acupuncture, biofeedback & related modalities, nutritional approaches and many others relevant to each case. Even the addition of the opioid tramadol to topical preparations is not known to be an adequate replacement for systemic opioids in cases where they can be useful and efficacious.

[edit] Use in horses and other animals

Ketoprofen (Ketofen) is a common NSAID, antipyretic, and analgesic used in horses and other equines. It is also used as a mild painkiller in smaller animals, generally following surgical procedures. It is most commonly used for muscoskeletal pain, joint problems, and soft tissue injury, as well as laminitis. It does not treat the underlying problem, nor does it speed the healing process. It is also used to control fevers and prevent endotoxemia. However, they may mask the symptoms of the underlying problem, and therefore make diagnosis more difficult for a veterinarian.

[edit] Side effects and precautions

Side effects are relatively uncommon if used as recommended, and less common than 2 other commonly used NSAIDs: flunixin or phenylbutazone. Side effects include gastrointestinal ulcers, drop in red blood cell count (a result of GI bleeding), and rarely kidney damage, protein loss, and bleeding disorders. It should therefore be used with caution in horses with liver or kidney disease, or gastrointestinal problems.

Additionally, it should not be used in horses allergic to aspirin.

[edit] Uses with other drugs

Ketoprofen should not be used in with other NSAIDs or corticosteroids, as this increases the risk of GI ulceration. It should also be used with caution with other anticoagulants. It is commonly used with omeprazole, sucralfate, and cimetidine to help protect the GI tract.

[edit] Administration

Ketoprofen is labeled to be administered intravenously only, and is recommended for a maximum of five days of use. Its analgesic and antipyretic effects begin to occur 1–2 hours following administration. The most common dosage is 10 mg/lb, once per day, although this dosage may be lowered for ponies, who are most susceptible to NSAID side effects. it is also available as CAPSULE dosage form